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Water Crisis from Early Crises to COVID-19 in Finland
Water Crisis from Early Crises to COVID-19 in Finland
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摘要：The case study from Finland is Tampere. Tampere is an industrial inland city situated approximately 160 kilometres north of Helsinki，the capital of Finland. The city was established in 1779 along the rapids between two lakes，Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi，with an elevation difference of 18 meters. The centre of the city is traversed by the nearly 1-kilometre-long Tammerkoski rapids around which the city and its industry originally grew up. The rapids，running from north to south，break an esker formation separating the lakes. The esker is one of the highest traverse ridges in the world formed during the Ice Age. Nowadays，Tampere is the largest inland city in the Nordic countries and the third largest city in Finland.
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文章目录
- Background
- Several Crises Resulted in Reforms
- Modern Systems
- Cooperatives
- Aging Infrastructure
- COVID-19 Crisis in 2020
- Conclusions and Discussion
- Acknowledgments
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